Sustainable keratin restoration course of utilizing a bio-based ionic liquid aqueous answer and its techno-economic evaluation
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Keratin is a biopolymer with excessive potential for biomaterial manufacturing, being principally investigated in hydrogel and movie kinds to be used in tissue-engineering purposes. Aiming to search out sustainable solvents and develop an environment friendly keratin restoration course of, this work used an aqueous answer of bio-based ionic liquid (IL) for the dissolution of hen feathers. Full dissolution of hen feathers in an aqueous answer of cholinium acetate ([N111(2OH)][C1CO2]) was performed at a strong : liquid weight ratio of 1 : 20 w/w, 100 °C for 4 h. An experimental design was carried out to optimize the keratin restoration situations, investigating coagulant solvent, answer : coagulant weight ratio, and time. Underneath the optimum situations (20.25 wt% of ethanol in water, 5 h, and answer : coagulant ratio of 1 : 1.45 w/w), 93 wt% of keratin was recovered. The IL was proven to be reusable in 4 successive cycles, with a yield of round 95 wt% and no vital losses within the effectivity of keratin restoration. These outcomes display that an aqueous answer of [N111(2OH)][C1CO2] can result in efficient keratin restoration, serving as the idea for the event of a more practical and environmentally pleasant course of to get better biopolymers from waste. As a result of relevance of the developed course of, techno-economic evaluation by a complete sensitivity evaluation was carried out, evaluating a digital working biorefinery and displaying a pathway that may allow the commercialization of produced keratin by the developed course of. In response to the method simulation, the minimal promoting value for keratin is 22 $ per kg, with a small optimistic CO2 emission (4.04 kgCO2 kgkeratin−1), making this course of appropriate for biomedical and beauty purposes.
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